Jurisprudential - legal studies of woman and family

Jurisprudential - legal studies of woman and family

Heavy Mehrs of Gold Coins: An Approach against Islamic Culture and Social Order

Document Type : Original Article

Author
Faculty member of Law Department, Payame Noor University, Tehran, Iran
Abstract
Mehr is a gift that a husband gives to his wife and its philosophy in Islamic law and culture is to have a positive effect on creating and increasing love and compassion in couples' relationships. However, in the last two decades, with the advent of heavy mehrs in the form of gold coins, it has moved away from the philosophy of its creation and from its positive family approach; on the contrary, it has created an opposite approach, so that by spreading, it has become a cultural phenomenon that causes a change in spiritual and emotional views on the institution of the family turning it into a materialistic and utilitarian view.
This issue has weakened the foundation of families, and resulted in formal or emotional divorce. On the other hand, the current economic situation of the country due to economic sanctions and multiple price increase of gold coins in the short term, besides tempting the implementation of mehr, is a factor in growing the demand for gold coins and increasing their price in the market, which due to the role of this commodity and its prominence in society, has led to a general increase in the price of other commodities. Moreover, confiscation of the couple's property to receive the mehr will have a negative impact on manufacturing jobs in society. Undoubtedly, this situation is contrary to the public order and has necessitated a legal ban or restriction. This article seeks to review these issues.
Keywords

The Holy Qurān
ʻᾹmilī Juba‘ī (Shahīd Thānī), Zayn al-Dīn ibn ʻAlī. 1999. Al-Rawḍah al-Bahīyah fī Sharḥ al-Lumʻah al-Dimashqīyah (The Beautiful Garden in the Explanation of the Damascus Shine), Qom: Muʼassisah Ismā‘īlīyān, Fifth Edition, vol.3. [in Arabic]
‘Aṭārudī, ‘Azīzullāh. 1999. Tarjimah al-Īmān wa al-Kufr Biḥār al-Anwār (Translation of the Chapters of Faith and Disbelief of Biḥār al-Anwār), Tehran: ‘Aṭārud. [in Farsi]
A‘rāfī, ‘Alī Riḍā. 8/5/2017. "Akhlāq az Pāyi-hāyi Ijtihād Ast (Ethics is one of the Foundations of Ijtihad). http://vasael.ir/fa/news/5877/
Abu al-Ḥamd, ‘Abd al-Ḥamīd. 1979. Mabānī-yi ‘Ilm-i Sīyāsat (Fundamentals of Political Science), Tehran: University of Tehran. [in Farsi]
Āqākhānī, Kāmrān et al. 2002. "Barrisī-yi Khushūnat-i Phīzīkī Tawassuṭ-i Hamsar ‘alayh-i Zanān (Investigation of Physical Violence by Spouses against Women)". In: Journal of Iran University of Medical Sciences, yr.9, no.31, pp.485-489. [in Farsi]
Beck, Uilrich; Beck-Gernsheim, Elisabeth. 2002. Individualization: Institutionalized Individualism and its Social and Political Consequences, London: Sage.
Bujnūrdī, Siyyid Ḥasan. n.d. Al-Qawāʻid al-Fiqhīyah (Jurisprudential Principles), Qom: Muʼassisah Maṭbū‘ātī-yi Ismā‘īlīyān, vol.7. [in Arabic]
Bustān (Najafī), Ḥusiyn. 2011. Jāmi‘ihshināsī-yi Khāniwādih bā Nigāhī bi Manābi‘-i Islāmī (Sociology of the Family with a Look at Islamic Sources), Qom: Hawzah and University Research Institute. [in Farsi]
Darwīshī Huwiydā, Yūsuf. 2002. "Zamān wa Makān dar Fiqh; Taḥawwulāt-i Qānūnguzārī dar Ḥuqūq-i Zanān (Time and Place in Jurisprudence; Legislative Developments in Women's Rights). In: Pazhūhish-i Zanān (Women's Research), no.3, p.67-85. [in Farsi]
Deputy of Statistics and Informatics of the Civil Registration Organization. 2010. Collection of National Demographic Statistics (Birth, Death, Marriage, Divorce) (June 2010). No.4, in: https://www.sabteahval.ir/Upload/Modules/Contents/asset99/eteljamiyat88.pdf
Ḍīyāyīfar, Sa‘īd. 2010. "Guni-hāyi Taʼthīr-i Akhlāq dar Fiqh wa Ijtihād (Types of the Effect of Ethics in Jurisprudence and Ijtihad). In: Figh (Jurisprudence), yr.17, no.64, p.166-201. [in Farsi]
Ḍīyāyīfar, Sa‘īd; Fīrūzī, Murtiḍā. 2017. "Ṣifāt-i Akhlāqī-yi Taʼthīrguzār bar Ijtihād (Moral Traits Affecting Ijtihad)". In: Pazhūhish-hāyi Akhlāqī (Ethical Research), yr.7, no.4, p.1-13. [in Farsi]
Ghulām Jamshīshī, Muḥammad Ṣādiq. 2009. Isrāf dar Quran wa Ḥadīth (Extravagance in Quran and Hadith), Tehran: International Publishing Company. [in Farsi]
"Guzārish-i Miydānī-yi Hamshahrī Ānlāyn az Bahānih-hāyi Jadīd wa Kuhnih-yi Judāyī; Ṣaf-i Mihrīyih dar Rūzigār-i Sikkih-yi Dah Milyūnī, Riwāyat-hāyī Talkh az Izdihām barāyi Bidih Bistān-i Mihrīyih dar Dafātir-i Asnād-i Rasmī dar Durān-i Qirmiz-i Kurunā (Hamshahri Online Field Report on New and Old Excuses of Divorce; Mehr Queue in the Days of the 10 Million Toman Gold Coins, Bitter Reports of Overcrowding for Mehr Debt in Notary Public Offices during Corona Red Age)". 8/25/2020, https://www.hamshahrionline.ir/news/543418/
Ḥakīmī, Muḥammad Riḍā; Ḥakīmī, Muḥammad; Ḥakīmī, ‘Alī. 2001. Al-Ḥayāt (The Life), Translated by Aḥmad Ārām, Tehran: Islamic Culture Publishing Office. [in Farsi]
Ḥasanzādih, Ṣāliḥ. 2013. "‘Awāmil-i Taḥkīm-i Khāniwādih dar Farhang-i Islāmī (Factors of Family Consolidation in Islamic Culture). In: Ma‘ārif Qurānī, yr.4, no.15, pp.45-68. [in Farsi]
Ḥaskānī Ḥākim, ‘Ubiydullāh ibn Aḥmad. 1990. Shawāhid al-Tanzīl li Qawāʼid al-Tafḍīl fī al-Āyāt al-Nāzilah fī Ahl al-Bayt (Ṣ), Researched by Sheikh Muḥammad Bāqir Maḥmūdī, Tehran: Islamic Culture Revival Assembly. [in Arabic]
Ḥillī, Jaʻfar ibn Ḥasan. 1989. Al-Mukhtaṣar al-Nāfiʻ fī Fiqh al-Imāmīyyah (The Useful Booklet on Imami Jurisprudence), Qom: Muʻassisah al-Bi‘thah, Third Edition. [in Arabic]
Ḥurr ʻᾹmilī, Muḥammad ibn al-Ḥasan. 2008. Wasā’il al-Shīʻah ilā Taḥṣil Masāʼil al-Sharī‘ah (Shiite Means of Accessing Sharia Issues), Qom: Tibyān. [in Arabic]
Ibn Bābiwayh, ʻAlī. 1994. Al-Muqniʻ, Qom: Imam Hādī Institute. [in Arabic]
Imāmī, Ḥasan. 2007. Ḥuqūq-i Madanī (Civil Rights), Tehran: Islāmīyah Bookstore, Eighteenth Edition. [in Farsi]
Ja‘farī, Muḥammad Taqī. 1990. Ḥikmat-i Uṣūl-i Sīyāsī-yi Islām (The Wisdom of the Political Principles of Islam), Tehran: Bunyād Nahj al-Balāghah. [in Farsi]
Jones, Peter. 2008. Mafāhīm-i Bunyādīn-i Ḥuqūq (Basic Concepts of Law), Translated by Siyyid Riḍā Ḥusiynī, Tehran: Research Institute for Cultural and Social Studies. [in Farsi]
Kātūzīyān, Nāṣir. 2004. Qawāʻid-i ʻUmūmī-yi Qarārdād-hā (General Rules of Contracts), Tehran: Intishār Joint-Stock Company, Sixth Edition. [in Farsi]
Kātūzīyān, Nāṣir. 2006. Qawāʻid-i ʻUmūmī-yi Qarārdād-hā (General Rules of Contracts), Tehran: Intishār Joint-Stock Company, Seventh Edition. [in Farsi]
Kuliynī, Muḥammad ibn Yaʻqūb. 1987. Al-Kāfī, Tehran: Dār al-Kutub al-Islāmīyah. [in Arabic]
Majlisī, Muḥammad Bāqir ibn Muḥammad Taqī. 1983. Biḥār al-Anwār al-Jāmiah li Durar Akhbār al-Aʼimah al-Ahār (Oceans of Light, the Collection for Pearls of Narrations of the Infallible Imams), Beirut: Alwafāʼ. [in Arabic]
Makārim Shīrāzī, Nāṣir. 2008. Anwār al-Fiqāhah fī Sharḥ Taḥrīr al-Wasīlah: Kitāb al-Nikāḥ (The Lights of Jurisprudence in Explaining Taḥrīr al-Wasīlah: The Book of Marriage), Tehran: Institute for Compilation and Publication of Imam Khumiynī's Works, First Edition. [in Arabic]
Mashāyikh et al,. 2012. "Nawasānāt-i Qiymat-i Ṭalā dar Bāzār-i Iran wa Jahān (Gold Price Fluctuations in the Iranian and World Markets)". In: Pazhūhish Ḥisābdārī (Accounting Research), yr.2, no.7, pp.101-124. [in Farsi]
Mūsawī Khumiynī, Siyyid Rūḥullāh. 1994. Anwār al-Hidāyah fī al-Talīqah alā al-Kifāyah, Tehran: Institute for Compilation and Publication of Imam Khumiynī's Works, vol.2. [in Arabic]
Mūsawī Khumiynī, Siyyid Rūḥullāh. 2010. aḥīfih Nūr, Tehran: Institute for Compilation and Publication of Imam Khumiynī's Works, Fifth Edition. [in Arabic]
Muṭahharī, Murtiḍā. 1989. Islam wa Muqtaḍīyāt-i Zamān (Islam and the Requirements of the Time), Tehran: Ṣadrā. [in Farsi]
Muṭahharī, Murtiḍā. 1994. Islam wa Muqtaḍīyāt-i Zamān (Islam and the Requirements of the Time), Tehran: Ṣadrā. [in Farsi]
Muṭahharī, Murtiḍā. 1998. Khatm-i Nabuwwat (The End of Prophecy), Tehran: Ṣadrā. [in Farsi]
Narāqī, Aḥmad ibn Muḥammad Mahdī. 2015. Mirāj al-Sa‘ādah, Qom: Payām Quds, Fourth Edition.
Narāqī, Mullā Aḥmad. 1996. Awāʼid al-Ayyām fī Bayān Qawāʼid al-Akām (The Benefits of the Days in Expressing the Principles of the rulings), Qom: Seminary Islamic Propaganda Office, First Edition. [in Arabic]
Qanawātī, Jalīl; Wahdatī Shubiyrī, Siyyid Ḥasan; ‘Abdīpūr, Ibrāhīm. 2000. Ḥuqūq-i Qarārdād-hā dar Fiqh-i Imāmīyih (Contract Law in Imami Jurisprudence), Tehran: Samt. [in Farsi]
Qulīzādih, Ᾱzar; Ghaffārīyān, Saḥar. 2011. "Ᾱsībshināsī-yi Mihrīyih wa ‘Awāmil-i Farhangī, Ijtimā‘ī wa Iqtiṣādī-yi Muʼaththir bar Ᾱn (Pathology of Mehr and Cultural, Social and Economic Factors Affecting It)". In: Jāmi‘ihshināsī-yi Zanān (Sociology of Women), yr.2, no.1, pp.121-140. [in Farsi]
Raḥīmī Iṣfihānī, Ghulām Ḥusiyn. 1989. Akhlāq-i Islāmī (Islamic Ethics), Qom: Muʼallif. [in Farsi]
Ritzer, George, 2013. Naḍarīyih-yi Jāmi‘ihshināsī dar Durān-i Mu‘āṣir (Sociological Theory in the Contemporary Era), Translated by Muḥsin Thulāthī, Tehran: ‘Ilmī, Eighteenth Edition. [in Farsi]
Ṣafāyī, Siyyid Ḥasan; Imāmī, Asdullāh. 2010. Mukhtaṣar-i Ḥuqūq-i Khāniwādih (Brief Family Law), Tehran: Mīzān, Twenty-fifth Edition. [in Farsi]
Safīrī, Khadījih; Wadādhīr, Abū ‘Alī; Ṭālibī Ardakānī, Sumayyih. 2009. "Barsākht-i Ijtimā‘ī wa Farhangī-yi Masʼalih-yi Ijrāyi Mihrīyih dar Iran: Muṭāli‘ih-yi Kiyfī-yi Angīzih-hāyi Zanān-i Shīrāzī az bi Ijrā Guzārdan-i Mihrīyi-hāyi Khud (Social and Cultural Construction of the Issue of Mehr Enforcement in Iran: A Qualitative Study of Shirazi Women's Motivations to Enforce Mehr)". In: ‘Ulūm Ijtimā‘ī (Social Sciences), yr.16, no.44, p.89-121. [in Farsi]
Shahīdī, Mahdī. 1989. "Qudrat bar Taslīm Murid Mu‘āmilih (Power over the Delivery of the Traded Goods)". In: Kānūn Wukalā (Lawyers Aassociation), no.148 & 149, p.89-103. [in Farsi]
Shāṭirī, Rūḥullāh. 2013. Masʼūlīyat-i Akhlāqī Ḥukūmat-i Dīnī (Moral Responsibility of Religious Government), Tehran: Research Institute of Islamic Culture and Thought. [in Farsi]
Shāygān, Siyyid ‘Alī. 1996. Ḥuqūq-i Madanī (Civil Law), Qazwīn: Ṭāhā, First Edition. [in Farsi]
Shīrawī, ‘Abd al-Ḥusiyn. 2015. Ḥuqūq-i Tijārat-i Biynulmilal (International Business Law), Tehran: Samt, Eighth Edition. [in Farsi]
Ṭabarsī, Abū ‘Alī Faḍl ibn Ḥasan. 1994. Majmaʻ al-Bayān fī Tafsīr al-Qurān (Collection of Statements in the Interpretation of the Qurān), Researched by A Committee of Specialized Scholars and Researchers, Beirut: Muʼassisah al-A‘lamī li al-Maṭbū‘āt. [in Arabic]
 
Ṭūsī, Muḥammad ibn Ḥasan. 1986. Tahdhīb al-Aḥkām (Refinement of Rules), Collected by Muḥammad Ᾱkhūndī, Tehran: Dār al-Kutub al-Islāmīyah, Fourth Edition. [in Arabic]
Ṭūsī, Muḥammad ibn Ḥasan. 1990. Al-Ghaybah (Occultation), Beirut: Al-Ma‘ārif al-Islāmīyah (Islamic Teachings).
Ṭūsī, Naṣīr al-Dīn Muḥammad. 1994. Akhlāq Nāṣirī, Edited by Mujtabā Mīnawī & ‘Alī Riḍā Ḥiydarī, Tehran: Khārazmī.
Vice Presidency for Women and Family Affairs). 2016. Report on the Status of Women and Family in accordance with the Statistics during the Years 1390-1395, in: http://women.gov.ir/uploads/images/gallery/ejtemaee/mostanad/ayene.pdf
 
Volume 2, Issue 4 - Serial Number 4
March 2020
Pages 141-166

  • Receive Date 16 July 2020
  • Revise Date 20 November 2020
  • Accept Date 05 December 2020