Fetal Civil Rights in the Family System

Document Type : Original Article

Authors

1 PhD Student in Jurisprudence and Fundamentals of Islamic Law, Qom University, Qom, Iran

2 Assistant Professor, Department of Jurisprudence and Fundamentals of Islamic Law, Qom University, Qom, Iran

3 Associate Professor, Department of Jurisprudence and Fundamentals of Islamic Law, Qom University, Qom, Iran

Abstract

The rights of the fetus or child in the womb as a potential human being have delicate subtleties that are hidden from the eyes of families because of inattention and their unseen place in the womb. The result of neglecting these rights and not supporting the fetus that grows in the private environment of the family is the violation of his right and intentional abortions that we observe in many societies today. At first, it may be asked whether the fetus in the mother's womb also has rights. Findings show that the protection of human rights begins from the time of fertilization (not from birth), and in Islam a fetus as a human being enjoys various material and spiritual rights, such as security and health, the right to life, the right to name, the right of inheritance and making a will, the right of endowment and giving a gift even though endowment and giving a gift are independent. Using descriptive-analytical method, the present research is done based on library resources focusing on the Imāmi jurisprudence sources.

Keywords

References

The Holy Qurān
Ᾱkhūnd, Khurāsānī, Muḥammad Kāẓim. 1992. Kifāyah fī Waqf, Qom: Islamic Publications Office Affiliated with Qom Seminary Teachers Association, First Edition. [in Arabic]
Āshtīyānī, Muḥammad Ḥasan. 2004. Kitab al-Qaḍā (The Book of Judgment), Qom: Zuhayr, Congress of kAllāmeh Āshtīyānī, First Edition. [in Arabic]
Āl Shiykh, Muḥammad ibn Ibrāhīm. 1975. Al-Fatāwī al-Jāmi‘ah lil Marʼah al-Muslimah (Comprehensive Fatwas on Muslim Women), Riyadh: Dār al-Qāsim. [in Arabic]
ʻᾹmilī (Shahīd Awwal), Muḥammad ibn Makkī. 1996. Al-Durūs al-Shar‘īyah fī Fiqh al-Imāmīyah (Sharia Lessons in Imami jurisprudence), Qom: Islamic Publications Office Affiliated with Qom Seminary Teachers Association, Second Edition. [in Arabic]
ʻᾹmilī Juba‘ī (Shahīd Thānī), Zayn al-Dīn ibn ʻAlī. 1989. Al-Ruḍah al-Bahīyah fī Sharḥ al-Lumʻah al-Dimishqīyah (The Beautiful Garden in the Explanation of the Damascus Shine), Edited by Siyyid Muḥammad Kalāntar, Qom: Dāwarī Bookstore, First Edition. [in Arabic]
ʻᾹmilī Juba‘ī (Shahīd Thānī), Zayn al-Dīn ibn ʻAlī. 1992. Masālik al-Afhām ilā Tanqīḥ Sharā’iʻ al-Islam (The Schools of Understanding in the Explanation of Sharā’iʻ al-Islam), Qom: Muʼassisah al-Ma‘ārif al-Islāmīyah (Islamic Teachings Institute), First Edition. [in Arabic]
‘Alyash, Muḥammad ibn Aḥmad. 1987. Fatḥ al-‘Alī al-Mālik fī al-Fatwā ‘alā Madhhab al-Imām Mālik, Eqypt: n.pub. [in Arabic]
‘Ᾱmilī, Muḥammad Jawād. n.d. Miftāḥ al-Kirāmah fī Sharḥ Qawā‘id al-‘Allāmah, Beirut: Dār Iḥyā’ al-Turāth al-ʻArabī. [in Arabic]
Bahjat, Muḥammad Taqī. 2007. Istiftā’āt (Inquiries), Qom: Muʼallif Office, First Edition.
Baḥrānī, Yūsuf. 1985. Al-Ḥadā’iq al-Nāḍirah fī Aḥkām al-ʻItrah al-Ṭāhirah (Fresh Gardens on the Rulings of the Noble Family), Qom: Islamic Publications Office Affiliated with Qom Seminary Teachers Association, First Edition. [in Arabic]
Bahūtī, Manṣūr. n.d. Kashshāf al-Qinā‘ ‘an al-Iqnā‘, Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-‘ilmīyah. [in Arabic]
Bujnūrdī, Siyyid Muḥammad Ḥasan. 1998. Al-Qawāʻid al-Fiqhīyah (Jurisprudential Principles), Qom: Al-Hādī, First Edition. [in Arabic]
Fāḍil, Lankarānī, Muḥammad. n.d. Aḥkām-i Pizishkān wa Bīmārān (Jurisprudential Rulings of Physicians and Patients), n.p: n.pub. [in Farsi]
Gulpāygānī, Muḥammad Riḍā. 1988. Majma‘ al-Masāʼil (The Collection of Issues), Qom: Dār al-Qurān al-Karīm, Second Edition. [in Arabic]
Ḥasanzādih, Ḥasan. 2006. Dah Risālih-yi Fārsī (Ten Persian Treatises), Qom: Alif Lām Mīm, First Edition. [in Farsi]
Ḥillī, Ḥasan. 1993. Tadhkirah al-Fuqahā (Remembrance of Jurists), Qom: Mu’assisah Ᾱl al-Bayt (The Prophet’s Household Institute), First Edition. [in Arabic]
Ḥimyarī, ‘Abdullāh ibn Ja‘far. 1992. Qurb al-Isnād, Qom: Mu’assisah Ᾱl al-Bayt (The Prophet’s Household Institute). [in Arabic]
Ḥurr ʻᾹmilī, Muḥammad. 1988. Wasā’il al-Shīʻah (Shia Means), Qom: Mu’assisah Ᾱl al-Bayt (The Prophet’s Household Institute), First Edition. [in Arabic]
Ibn ‘Ābidīn, Muḥammad Amīn. 2000. Ḥāshīyah Radd al-Mukhtār ‘alā al-Durr al- Mukhtār, Beirut: Dār al-Fikr lil Ṭibā‘ah wa al-Nashr. [in Arabic]
Ibn Bābiwayh Qumī (Ṣadūq), Muḥammad. 1992. Man Lāyaḥḍuruh al-Faqīh (The One Who Doesn’t Have Access to a Jurist), Qom: Islamic Publications Office Affiliated with Qom Seminary Teachers Association, Secondt Edition. [in Arabic]
Ibn Qudāmih, ʻAbdullāh. 1985. Al-Mughnī, Beirut: Dār al-Fikr, First Edition. [in Arabic]
Imāmī, Ḥasan. n.d. Ḥuqūq-i Madanī (Civil Rights), Tehran: Islāmīyih.  [in Farsi]
Jazīrī, ʻAbd al-Raḥmān et al. 1998. Al-Fiqh ʻAlā al-Madhāhib al-Arbaʻah (Jurisprudence based on the Four Schools of Thought), Beirut: Dār al-Thaqalayn, First Edition. [in Arabic]
Kātūzīyān, Nāṣir. 2009. Qānūn-i Madanī dar Naẓm-i Ḥuqūq-i Kunūnī (Civil Law in the Current Legal Order), Tehran: Mīzān, 22th Edition. [in Farsi]
Khānsārī, Aḥmad. 1985. Jāmiʻ al-Madārik fī Sharḥ Mukhtaṣar al-Nāfiʻ (Comprehensive Evidence in the Explanation of the Useful Booklet), Qom: Ismāʻīlīyān Institute, Second Edition. [in Arabic]
Kuliynī, Muḥammad ibn Yaʻqūb. 1987. Al-Kāfī, Researched by ʻAlī Akbar Ghaffārī, Tehran: Dār al-Kutub al-Islāmīyah, Fourth Edition. [in Arabic]
Majlisī, Muḥammad Bāqir. n.d. Biḥār al-Anwār (Oceans of Lighs), Beirut: Dār Iḥyā’ al-Turāth al-ʻArabī. [in Arabic]
Majlisī, Muḥammad Taqī. 1986. Ruḍah al-Muttaqīn fī Sharḥ Man Lāyaḥḍuruh al-Faqīh, Qom: Muʼassisah Farhangī Islāmī Kūshānbūr. [in Arabic]
Makārim Shīrāzī, Nāṣir. 2008. Aḥkām Pizishkī (Medical Rulings), Qom: Imam ʻAlī ibn Abi-Ṭālib School, Frist Edition. [in Arabic]
Mar‘ashī, Shahāb al-Dīn. 1994. Al-Qiṣāṣ ‘alā Ḍawʼ al-Qurān wa al-Sunnah (Retribution in the light of the Quran and Sunnah), Transcribed by ‘Ādil ‘Alawī, Qom: The Library of Ayatullāh Marʻashī Najafī, First Edition. [in Arabic]
Mardāwī, ‘Alī. 1998. Al-Inṣāf fī Ma‘rifah al-Rājiḥ min al-Khilāf ‘alā Madhhab al-Imām Aḥmad ibn Ḥanbal, Beirut: Dār Iḥyā’ al-Turāth al-ʻArabī. [in Arabic]
Miṣbāḥ, ‘Alī etal. 1995. Rawānshināsī-yi Rushd bā Nigarish bi Manābi‘ Islāmī (Developmental Psychology with an Attitude towards Islamic Sources), Qom: Samt. [in Farsi]
Mughnīyah, Muḥammad Jawād. 2000. Al-Fiqh ‘alā al-Madhāhib al-Khamsah (Jurisprudence based on the Five Schools of Thought), Beirut: Dār al-Tiyār al-Jadīd, Dār al-Jawād, Fourth Edition. [in Arabci]
Mūsawī Khumiynī, Rūḥullāh. n.d. Taḥrīr al-Wasīlah,  Qom: Maṭbūʻāt Dār al-ʻIlm Institute, First Edition. [in Arabic]
Najafī Jawāhirī, Muḥammad Ḥasan. 1984. Jawāhir al-Kalām fī Sharḥ Sharā’iʻ al-Islām (The Jewel of the Words in the Explanation of Islamic Law), Beirut: Dār Iḥyā’ al-Turāth al-ʻArabī, Ninth Edition. [in Arabic]
Nūrī, Mīrzā Ḥusiyn. 1987. Mustadrak al-Wasā’il wa Mutanbaṭ al-Masāʼil, Beirut: Ᾱl al-Bayt Institute, First Edition. [in Arabic]
Ramlī, Shams al-Dīn. 1993. Nihāyah al-Muḥtāj ilā Sharḥ al-Minhāj, Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-‘Ilmīyah. [in Arabic]
Rāzī, Muḥammad. 1996. Tuḥfah al-Mulūk, Beirut: Dār al-Bashāʼir al-Islāmīyah. [in Arabic]
Sabziwārī, ʻAbd al-’Aʻlā. n.d. Muhadhdhab al-Aḥkām fī Bayān al-Ḥalāl wa al-Ḥarām (Refined Rules of Permissible and Forbidden Issues), Qom: Al-Minār Institute, Muʼallif Office, Fourth Edition. [in Arabic]
Sajistānī, Abū Dāwūd. 2009. Sunan Abī Dāwūd, n.p: Dār al-Risālah al-‘Ālamīyah, First Edition. [in Arabic]
Sarakhsī, Muḥammad. 1993. Al-Mabsūṭ, Beirut: Dār al-Ma‘rifah. [in Arabic]
Shaltūt, Maḥmūd. 1975. Al-Fatāwī (Fatwas), Cairo: Dār al-Sharq. [in Arabic]
Shāṭibī, Abū Isḥāq Ibrāhīm. 1994. Al-Muwāfiqāt fī Uṣūl al-Sharī‘ah (Unanimous Rulings of the Principles of the Sharia), Beirut: Dār al-Maʻrifah lil-Ṭibāʻah wa al-Nashr. [in Arabic]
Shirbīnī, Muḥammad Khaṭīb. n.d. Mughnī al-Muḥtāj ilā Ma‘rifah Ma‘ānī Alfāẓ al-Minhāj (The Enricher of Those Who Need the Meanings of the Words of al-Minhāj ), Beirut: Dār al-Iḥyā’ al-Turāth al-ʻAarabī. [in Arabic]
Shiybānī, Aḥmad ibn Ḥanbal. 1998. Musnad Aḥmad ibn Ḥanbal, Beirut: ‘Ālim al-Kutub, First Edition. [in Arabic]
Sīstānī, ‘Alī. 1996. Minhāj al-Ṣāliḥīn (The Practice of the Righteous), Qom: Ayatollah Sīstānī Office, Fifth Edition. [in Arabic]
Siywarī, Miqdād. 1984. Al-Tanqīḥ al-Rāʼi‘ li Mukhtaṣar al-Sharāʼi‘,Qom: The Library of Ayatullāh Marʻashī Najafī, First Edition. [in Arabic]
Subḥānī, Ja‘far. 1999. Al-Ṣawm fī al-Sharī‘ah al-Islāmīyah al-Gharrāʼ (Fasting in the Glorious Islamic Law), Qom: Muʼassisah al-Imām al-Ṣādiq (AS), First Edition. [in Arabic]
Ṭabāṭabāyī, ‘Alī. 1997. Rīyāḍ al-Masāʼil, Qom: Mu’assisah Ᾱl al-Bayt (The Prophet’s Household Institute), First Edition. [in Arabic]
Ṭabāṭabāyī, Muḥammad Kāẓim. 1993. Takmilah al-‘Urwah al-Wuthqā, Qom: Dāwarī Bookstore, First Edition. [in Arabic]
Ṭūsī, Abu Jaʻfar Muḥammad. 2008. Al-Mabsūṭ fī Fiqh al-Imāmīyah (The Extended in Imami Jurisprudence), Tehran: Al-Maktabah al-Murtaḍawīyah, Third Edition. [in Arabic]
Ziydān, ‘Abd al-Karīm. 1994. Al-Mufaṣṣal fī Aḥkām al-Marʼah (The Collection of Women's Rulings), Beirūt: Al-Risālah Institute. [in Arabic]
Zuḥiylī, Wahabah. n.d. Al-Fiqh al-Islāmī wa Adillatuh (Islamic Jurisprudence and Its Evidences), Damascus: Dār al-Fikr. [in Arabic]
Treasure of Judicial Inquiries Software. n.d. Jurisprudential Legal Research Center of the Judiciary.
https://b2n.ir/365615
https://b2n.ir/269831
Jurisprudential - legal studies of woman and family
Volume 2, Issue 4 - Serial Number 4
March 2020
Pages 113-139

Files

History

  • Receive Date: 18 July 2020
  • Revise Date: 14 November 2020
  • Accept Date: 12 December 2020

Share

How to cite

Statistics