Jurisprudential - legal studies of woman and family

Jurisprudential - legal studies of woman and family

Investigating the Effect of Women's Gender in the Punishment of Exile from the Perspective of Jurisprudence and Iranian Approved Rights

Document Type : Original Article

Authors
javad habibitabar 1
Azam khoshsūrat 2
javad khosravi 3
1 Associate Professor, Department of Jurisprudence and Judicial Law, Al-Mustafa International University, Qom, Iran
2 Assistant Professor, Department of Women and Family Studies, University of Religions and Denominations, Qom, Iran.
3 PhD Student in Women's Studies, University of Religions and Denominations, Qom, Iran,
Abstract
What is realized in the punishment of crimes, both Ḥaddī and Non- Ḥaddī, does not refer to gender, and the type of the crime can be raised regardless of the sex of the offender. However, after pondering over the jurisprudential texts and the Iranian approved rights in the punishment of exile, gender differences can be seen in the amount of punishment and also the way it is applied, which is the place of reflection and analysis of this article .From the perspective of jurisprudence and law, the general rule is based on the fact that women's gender has no effect on the proving arguments and their criminal responsibility, and does not inherently reduce or intensify this type of responsibility in legislation and punishment. Therefore, women are equal to men in criminal punishment; but in the case of punishments such as exile, gender can have an impact and there is a difference between men and women. The legislature, taking into account the gender of men or women in a specific or common crime, has determined the amount and quantity of punishment at the time of enactment, which is further and more severe for one sex, and milder and less for another. In this study, the effect of women's gender in the punishment of exile has been investigated, and the discounts and differences in regulations and punishments between men and women have been discussed separately.
Keywords
Gender
Ḥudūd
Jurisprudence
Approved Rights
Exile
The Holy Qurān
Ardibīlī, Aḥmad ibn Muḥammad. 1982. Majmaʻ al-Fā’idah wa al-Burhān, Qom: Jāmiʻah al-Mudarrisīn, First Edition. [in Arabic]
ʻᾹmilī, Zayn al-Dīn ibn ʻAlī. 1992. Al-Ruḍah al-Bahīyah fī Sharḥ al-Lumʻah al-Dimishqīyah (The Beautiful Garden in the Explanation of the Damascus Shine), Qom: Ismāʻīlīyān Institute. [in Arabic]
Bustān, Ḥusiyn. 2009. Islam wa Tafāwut-hāyi Jinsīyatī dar Nahād-hāyi Ijtimāʻī (Islam and Gender Differences in Social Institutions), Qom: Hawzah and University Research Institute, First Edition. [in Farsi]
Bustānī, Fu’ād. 2010. Farhang Munjid al-Ṭullāb, Translated by Muḥammad Bandar Riygī, Tehran: Islamic Publications, First Edition. [in Farsi]
Diylamī, Sallār. 1983. Al-Marāsim al-ʻAlawīyah wa al-Aḥkām al-Nabawīyah, Qom: Manshūrāt al-Ḥaramayn. [in Arabic]
Fāḍil Ᾱbī, Ḥasan ibn Abī Ṭālib Yūsifī. 1996. Kashf al-Rumūz fī Sharḥ Mukhtaṣar al-Nāfiʻ (Divulgence of Secrets on the Useful Booklet), Qom: Islamic Publications Office. [in Arabic]
Fāḍil, Hindī, Muḥammad ibn Ḥasan. 1995. Kashf al-Lithām ʻan Qawāʻid al-Aḥkām (Removing the Veil from the Principles of Rulings), Qom: Al-Nashr al-Islāmī Institute, First Edition. [in Arabic]
Fāḍil, Lankarānī, Muḥammad. 2001. Tafṣīl al-Sharīʻah fī Sharḥ Taḥrīr al-Wasīlah (The details of the Sharia in the Explanation of Taḥrīr al-Wasīlah), Qom: Jurisprudential Center. [in Arabic]
Fāḍil, Lankarānī, Muḥammad. n.d. Jāmiʻ al-Masāʻil (The Collection of Issues), Qom: Umīd Qalam, Eleventh Edition. [in Arabic]
Farāhīdī, Khalīl ibn Aḥmad. 1988. Kitāb al-ʻIyn, Qom: Hijrat, Second Edition. [in Arabic]
Ḥalabī, Ibn Zuhrih. 1996. Ghunyah al-Nuzūʻ, Qom: Imam Ṣādiq Institute, First Edition. [in Arabic]
Ḥillī, Ibn Idrīs. 1989. Al-Sarā’ir al-Ḥāwī li Taḥrīr al-Fatāwī (Secrets of Rule Writing), Qom: Islamic Publications Office Affiliated with Qom Seminary Teachers Association, Second Edition. [in Arabic]
Ḥillī, Jaʻfar ibn Ḥasan. 1987. Sharā’iʻ al-Islam fī Masā’il al-Ḥalāl wa al-Ḥarām (Rulings of Islam on Ḥalāl and Ḥarām), Qom: Ismāʻīlīyān Institute, Second Edition. [in Arabic]
Ḥillī, Yūsūf ibn Muṭahhar. 1991. Mukhtalif al-Shīʻah fī Aḥkām al-Sharīʻah (Differences among Shias about the rules of Sharia), Qom: Islamic Publications Office, First Edition. [in Arabic]
Ḥurr ʻᾹmilī, Muḥammad ibn Ḥasan. 1993. Wasā’il al-Shīʻah (Shiite Means), Qom: The Prophet’s Household Institute (Mu’assisah Ᾱl al-bayt), Second Edition. [in Arabic]
Ibn Bābiwayh Qumi (Ṣadūq), Muḥammad ibn ʻAlī. 1994. Al-Muqniʻ, Qom: Imam Hādī Institute. [in Arabic]
Ibn Barrāj, Qāḍī ʻAbdul-ʻazīz. 1985. Al-Muhadhdhab (The Refined), Qom: Islamic Publications Office Affiliated with Qom Seminary Teachers Association, First Edition. [in Arabic]
Ibn Fāris, Aḥmad. 1983. Muʻjam Maqāyīs al-luqhah (Dictionary of Comparative Language), Qom: Islamic Propaganda Office Publications, First Edition. [in Arabic]
Ibn Manzūr, Muḥammad ibn Mukarram. 1993. Lisān al-ʻArab (Language of Arabs), Edited by Aḥmad Fāris Ṣāhib al-Jawā’ib, Beirut: Dār Iḥyā al-Turāth al-ʻArabī, Third Editin. [in Arabic]
Ibn ʻᾹbidīn, Muḥammad Amīn. 1991. Ḥāshīyah Radd al-Mukhtār ʻAlā al-Durr al-Mukhtār Sharḥ Tanwīr al-Abṣār Fiqh Abu-ḥanīfih, Beirut: Dār al-Fikr. [in Arabic]
Islamic Penal Code of Iran. 2018. Tehran: Mīzān, Fourth Edition. [in Farsi]
Jaʻfarī Langirūdī, Muḥammad Jaʻfar. 2001. Tirmīnuluzhī-yi Ḥuqūq (Terminology of Law), Tehran: Ganj-i Dānish, Eleventh Edition. [in Farsi]
Khānsārī, Siyyid Aḥmad ibn Yūsuf. 1984. Jāmiʻ al-Madārik fī Sharḥ Mukhtaṣar al-Nāfiʻ (Comprehensive Evidence in the Explanation of the Useful Booklet), Qom: Ismāʻīlīyān Institute, Second Edition. [in Arabic]
Khu’ī, Abulqāsim. 1989. Mabānī Takmilah al-Minhāj (Fundamentals of Completing the Program), n.p: Madīnah al-ʻIlm, Twenties Edition. [in Arabic]
Kuliynī, Muḥammad ibn Yaʻqūb. 1986. Al-Kāfī, Researched by ʻAlī Akbar Ghaffārī, Tehran: Dār al-Kitāb al-Islāmīyah, Fourth Edition. [in Arabic]
Majlisī, Muḥammad Bāqir. 2004. Biḥār al-Anwār (Seas of Lights), Beirut: Dār Iḥyā’ al-Turāth al-ʻArabī. [in Arabic]
Makārim Shīrāzī, Nāṣir. 1997. Anwār al-Fiqāhah: Kitāb al-Ḥudūd wa al-Taʻzīrāt (The Lights of Jurisprudence: The Book of Limits and Punishments), Qom: Imam ʻAlī ibn Abi-Ṭālib School. [in Arabic]
Mālik ibn Anas. n.d. Al-Mudawwanah al-Kubrā (The Great Codified), Beirut: Dār Ṣādir. [in Arabic]
Mufīd, Muḥammad ibn Muḥammad. 1996. Al-Muqniʻah, Qom: Nashr Islāmī Institute, Fourth Edition. [in Arabic]
Mūsawī Khumiynī, Siyyid Rūḥullāh. 2002. Taḥrīr al-Wasīlah, Translated by ʻAlī Islāmī, Qom: : Islamic Publications Office Affiliated with Qom Seminary Teachers Association, Twenty-first Edition. [in Farsi]
Najafī, Muḥammad Ḥasan. n.d. Jawāhir al-Kalām fī Sharḥ Sharā’iʻ al-Islām (The Jewel of the Words in the Explanation of Islamic Law), Beirut: Dār Iḥyā’ al-Turāth al-ʻArabī, Ninth Edition. [in Arabic]
Sabziwārī, Siyyid ʻAbdul-’Aʻlā. n.d. Muhadhdhab al-Aḥkām al-Sharʻīyah (Refined Rules of Sharia), Qom: Al-Minār Institute, Ninth Edition. [in Arabic]
Shāmlū Aḥmadī, Muḥammad Husīyn. 2001. Farhang-i Iṣṭilāḥāt wa ʻAnāwīn-i Jazāyī (Dictionary of Criminal Terms and Titles), Isfahan: Nashr-i Dādyār. [in Farsi]
Sharīf Murtiḍā, ʻAlī ibn Ḥusiyn. 1994. Al-Intiṣār fī Infirādāt al-Imāmīyah (Victory in the Peculiarities of Imāmīyah), Qom: Islamic Publications Office Affiliated with Qom Seminary Teachers Association, Second Edition. [in Arabic]
Ṭabasī, Najm al-Dīn. 2006. Mawārid al-Sijn, Qom: Islamic Propagation Office, First Edition. [in Arabic]
Ṭabasī, Najm al-Dīn. n.d. Al-Nafy wa al-Taghrīb (Exile and Westernization), n.p: n.pub, First Edition. [in Arabic]
Ṭabāṭabāyī, Siyyid ʻAlī. 1998. Rīyāḍ al-Masā’il fī Taḥqīq al-Aḥkām bi al-Dalā’il (Garden of Issues in Studying Rulings with Reasons), Qom: Al-Nashr al-Islāmī, First Edition. [in Arabic]
Tarḥiynī ʻᾹmilī, Siyyid Muḥammad Ḥusiyn. 2006. Al-Zubdah al-Fiqhīyah fī Sharh-i al-Ruḍah al-Bahīyah (The Chosen Jurisprudence in the Explanation of the Damascus Shine),Qom: Dār al-Fiqh li al-Ṭabāʻah wa al-Nashr, Fourth Edition. [in Arabic]
Turābī, Akbar. 2011. Islamic Criminal Procedure (Ᾱ’īn-i Kiyfarī-i Islam), Qom: Jurisprudential Center of the Imams (Markaz Fiqhī A’immih Aṭhār). [in Farsi]
Ṭuriyḥī, Fakhr al-Dīn ibn Muḥammad. 1996. Majmaʻ al-Baḥrayn (The Union of the Two Seas), Tehran: Murtazawī. [in Arabic]
Ṭūsī Mashhadī (Ibn Ḥamzah), Muḥammad ibn ʻAlī. 1986. Al-Wasīlah ilā Nayl al- Faḍīlah (The Means to the Attainment of Virtue), Qom: Maktabah al-Sayyid al-Marʻashī, First Edition. [in Arabic]
Ṭūsī, Abu Jaʻfar Muḥammad ibn Ḥasan. 1984. Al-Istibṣār fī Makhtulifa min al-Akhbār (Insight into What is Disagreed of Narrations), Qom: Dār al-Kutub al-Islāmī, Fourth Edition. [in Arabic]
Ṭūsī, Abu Jaʻfar Muḥammad ibn Ḥasan. 1986. Tahdhīb al-Aḥkām (Refinement of Rules), Tehran: Dār al-Kutub al-Islāmīyah, Fourth Edition. [in Arabic]
Ṭūsī, Abu Jaʻfar Muḥammad ibn Ḥasan. 1996. Al-Khilāf, Qom: Al-Nashr al-Islāmī, First Edition. [in Arabic]
Ṭūsī, Abu Jaʻfar Muḥammad ibn Ḥasan. 2008. Al-Mabsūṭ fī Fiqh al-Imāmīyah (The Extended in Imami Jurisprudence), Tehran: Al-Maktabah al-Murtaḍawīyah, Third Edition. [in Arabic]
Ṭūsī, Abu Jaʻfar Muḥammad ibn Ḥasan. n.d. Al-Nihāyah (The End), Beirut: Dār al-Ᾱndulus. [in Arabic]
Yazdīyān Jaʻfarī, Jaʻfar. 2012. Chirāyī wa Chigūnigī-yi Mujāzāt ( Why and How to Punish), Qom: Research Institute of Islamic Culture and Thought, First Edition. [in Farsi]
Zubiydī, Muḥammad ibn Muḥammad, 1993. Tāj al-ʻArūs min Jawāhir al-Qāmūs (Bride Crown from Dictionary Jewels), Beirut: Dār al-Fikr. [in Arabic]
 
Jurisprudential - legal studies of woman and family
Volume 2, Issue 3 - Serial Number 3
September 2019
Pages 7-27

  • Receive Date 17 June 2020
  • Revise Date 09 July 2020
  • Accept Date 13 July 2020