Jurisprudential - legal studies of woman and family

Jurisprudential - legal studies of woman and family

Criteria of Privacy in Imami Jurisprudence and Iranian Constitutional Law: Adaptation to Private Car

Document Type : Original Article

Authors
1 Assistant Professor, Department of Islamic Studies, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran .
2 PhD Student in Women's Studies, University of Religions and Denominations, Qom, Iran.
Abstract
The term arīm is applied to a place that must be protected and defended and no one has the right to invade it. On the other hand, a private car is also a property. Therefore, the owner of a personal car or someone authorized by him is allowed to take possession of his property. Most jurists allow only practical possession and consider some characteristics in the property or owner or the type of possession as an obstacle to the possession of property. Furthermore, since privacy is a part of a person's life that is determined and respected by law or custom, the same law can and is permitted to limit it if one's privacy disturbs another's security and comfort. Thus, although a personal car has the characteristics of property and privacy applies to it, not all the rights and freedoms of individuals are absolute and unconditional, and what is enshrined in law or custom that affirms privacy also restricts it.
Keywords

The Holy Qurān
Anṣārī, Bāqir. 2004. “Ḥarīm-i Khuṣūṣī wa Ḥimāyat az Ᾱn dar Ḥuqūq-i Islāmī Taṭbīqī wa Iran (Privacy and Its Protection in Comparative Islamic Law and Iran)”. In: Majallih Dānishkadih Ḥuqūq wa ʻUlūm Sīyāsī-yi Dānishgāh (Tehran Journal of the Faculty of Law and Political Science Affiliated to University of Tehran), no.66, pp.1-54. [in Farsi]
Anṣārī, Bāqir. 2007. Ḥuqūq-i Ḥarīm-i Khusūsī (Privacy Rights), Tehran: Samt. [in Farsi]
Anṣārī, Murtiḍā. 1990. Al-Makāsib (Businesses), Qom: Dār al-Dhakhā’ir, vol.1. [in Arabic]
ʻAṭṭār-zādih, Saʻīd; Mīrkhalīlī, Siyyid Maḥmūd; Ḥajī Dih Ᾱbādī, Muḥammad ʻAlī; Najafī Abarnad Ᾱbādī, ʻAlī Ḥusiyn; Shams Nātirī, Muḥammad Ibrāhīm. 2015. “Tajassus dar Ḥarīm-i Khuṣūṣī-yi Makānī-yi Ashkhāṣ bā Rūykard-i Amnīyat-i Akhlāqī (Spying on the Spatial Privacy of Individuals with a Moral Security Approach)”. In: Pazhūhish-hāyi Iṭṭilāʻātī wa Jināyī (Intelligence and Criminal Investigations), yr.10, no.4, pp.91-120. [in Farsi]
Bahjat, Muḥammad Taqī. 2002. Wasīlah al-Nijāh (The means of salvation), Qom: Shafaq.
Bahjat, Muḥammad Taqī. 2007. Istiftā’āt (Inquiries), Qom: Author Office, vol.3.
Bakhshāyishī Bāyqūt, Muḥarram; Ḥiydarī Munawwar, Ḥusiyn. 2017. “Ḥarīm-i Khuṣūṣī dar Iran wa Asnād-i Biyn al-Milalī (Privacy in Iran and International Documents)”. In: Muṭāliʻāt-i Biyn al-Milalī-yi Police (International Police Studies), yr.7, no.29, pp.207-232. [in Farsi]
Bigdilī, ʻAlī; ʻAlī Akbar Bābūkānī, Iḥsān. 2017. “Barrisī-yi Fiqhī wa Ḥuqūqī-yi Wurūd-i Dulat bi Ḥarīm-i Khuṣūṣī (Jurisprudential and Legal Study of Government Intrusion into Privacy)”. In: Muṭāliʻāt-i Ḥuqūq-i Bashar-i Islāmī (Islamic Human Rights Studies), yr.6, no.13, pp.9-31. [in Farsi]
Dargāhī, Mahdī. 2014. “Ḥudūd-i Ikhtīyārāt-i Dastgāh-hāyi Iṭṭilāʻātī dar Wurūd bi Ḥarīm-i Khuṣūṣī-yi Afrād az Manẓar-i Fiqh-i Imāmīyyih (Limits of the Powers of the Intelligence Services in Entering the Privacy of Individuals from the Perspective of Imami Jurisprudence)”. In: Kāwushī Nu Dar Fiqh (New Exploration in Jurisprudence), yr.21, no.4, pp.77-93. [in Farsi]
Fatḥī, Yūnus; Shāhmurādī, Khiyrullāh. 2017. “Gustarih wa Qalamru-yi Ḥarīm-i Khuṣūṣī dar Faḍāyi Majāzī (The Scope and Realm of Privacy in Cyberspace)”. In: Majjalih-yi uqūqī Dādgustarī (The Legal Journal of the Court of Justice), yr.81, no.99, pp.229-252. [in Farsi]
Fattāl Niyshābūrī, Muḥammad. 1987. Ruah al-Wāʻiẓīn (Garden of Preachers), Translated by Mahdawī Dāmghānī, Tehran: Niy. [in Farsi]
Gharawī, Tabrīzī, ʻAlī. 1997. Al-Tanqīḥ fī Shar al-ʻUrwah al-Wuthqā: Taqrīrāt-i Dars-i Ayatullāh Khu’ī (The Revision to Explanation of Al-ʻUrwah al-Wuthqā: The Transcriptions of Ayatullāh Khu’ī’s Lecture), Qom: Dār al-Hādī lil Maṭbūʻāt, vol.2. [in Arabic]
Ibn Bābiwayh Qumī, Muḥammad ibn ʻAlī (Ṣadūq). 1982. Al-Khiṣāl (Traits), Corrected by ʻAlī Akbar Ghaffārī, Qom: Teachers Association. [in Arabic]
Ibn Bābiwayh Qumī, Muḥammad ibn ʻAlī (Ṣadūq). 1983. Man Lāyaḥḍuruh al-Faqīh (The One Who Doesn’t Have Access to a Jurist), Researched by ʻAlī Akbar Ghaffārī, Qom: Teachers Association, vol.3. [in Arabic]
Ibn Bābiwayh Qumī, Muḥammad ibn ʻAlī (Ṣadūq). 1992. Man Lāyaḥḍuruh al-Faqīh (The One Who Doesn’t Have Access to a Jurist), Qom: Islamic Publications Office, vol.4. [in Arabic]
Ibn Manḍūr, Muḥammad ibn Mukarram. 1993. Lisān al-ʻArab (Language of Arabs), Beirut: Dār Ṣādir, vol.1. [in Arabic]
Imāmī, Ḥasan. 2007. Ḥuqūq-i Madanī (Civil Rights), Tehran: Islamic Publications, Sixth Edition. [in Farsi]
Jaʻfarī Langirūdī, Muḥammad Jaʻfar. 1994. Ḥuqūq-i Amwāl (Property Rights), Tehran: Ganj-i Dānish Library, Third Edition. [in Farsi]
Jaʻfarī, ʻAlī; Taqīkhānī, ʻAlī; ʻᾹbidīnī, ʻAẓīm. 2010. “Mabānī-yi Riwāyi-yi Farmān-i Hasht Māddiyi Imām Khumiynī (Narrative Principles of Imam Khomeini's Eight-article Decree)”. In: Kungirih-yi Millī-yi Barrisī-yi Andīshi-hāyi Farhangī wa Ijtimāʻī-yi Ḥazrat-i Imām Khumiynī National (Congress for the Study of Imam Khomeini's Cultural and Social Thoughts), Karaj: Jahād University, Alborz Branch. [in Farsi]
Jamshīdī, Sumayyih. 2017. “Privacy: Ḥarīm-i Khuṣūṣī: Qalamru, Maṣādīq wa Taḥlīl-i Mabānī-yi Fiqhī-yi Ᾱn az Manẓar-i Fiqh-i Imāmīyyih (Territory, Examples and Analysis of Its Jurisprudential Principles from the Perspective of Imami Jurisprudence)”, Master’s Thesis, Supervisor: Ḥusiyn Asadpūr, Qom: Ḥuziyi ʻIlmīyih, Qom Seminary. [in Farsi]
Karīmī-nīyā, Muḥammad Mahdī. 2003. “Ḥuqūq, Ḥaq wa Aqsām-i Ḥaq (Rights, rights and types of rights)”. In: Maʻrifat (Knowledge), yr.12, no.70, pp.82-88. [in Farsi]
Khākī, Mīnū. 2018. “Ḥarīm-i Khuṣūṣī az Manẓar-i Fiqh (Privacy from the Perspective of Jurisprudence)”. In: Muṭāliʻāt-i Ijtimāʻī (Social Science Studies),yr.4, no.2, pp. 68-82. [in Farsi]
Khāminiyī, Siyyid ʻAlī. 2010. Abjawah al-Istiftā’āt (Reponses of Inquiries), Tehran: Payām ʻIdālat (The Message of Justice), Tenth Edition. [in Farsi]
Makārim Shīrāzī, Nāṣir. 1991. Al-Qawāʻid al-Fiqhīyah (Jurisprudential Principles), Qom: Imam ʻAlī ibn Abi-Ṭālib School. [in Arabic]
Makārim Shīrāzī, Nāṣir. 2017. “Su’ālī darbāri-yi Khuṣūṣī Nabūdan-i Faḍāyi Dākhil-i Khudrū (A Question about the Lack of Privacy inside the Car)”. In: Nashrīyih-yi Balīgh, no.19, p.11. [in Farsi]
Maʻlūf, Luwīs. 1996. Al-Munjid fī al-Lughah wa al-Aʻlām , Translated by Muḥammad Bandar Riygī, Tehran: Iran. [in Farsi]
Mashhadī, ʻAlī; Muḥammadlū, Sajjād. 2016. “Muṭāliʻih-yi Taṭbīqī-yi Mafhūm wa Miʻyār-i Ḥaq-i Ḥarīm-i Khuṣūṣī; Rūukard-i ʻUrfī wa Farhangī (A Comparative Study of the Concept and Criteria of Privacy; Customary and Cultural Approach)”. In: Pazhūhish-hāyi Ḥuqūq-i Taṭbīqī (Comparative Law Researches), yr.20, no.2, pp.125-146. [in Farsi]
Maẓāhirī, Ḥusiyn. 2013. Risālih-yi Tuzīh al-Masā’il (Explanation of Issues), Isfahan: Al-Zahrā Cultural Studies Institute. [in Arabic]
Muʻīn, Muḥammad. 2007. Farhang-i Fārsī (Persian Dictionary), Tehran: Amīrkabīr, Second Edition, vol.1. [in Farsi]
Mūsawī Khumiynī, Rūḥullāh. 2005. Tarīr al-Wasīlah, Tehran: Institute for Compilation and Publication of Imam Khumiynī's Works, vol.1.
Najafī Jawāhirī, Muḥammad Ḥasan. 1983. Jawāhir al-Kalām fī Shar Sharā’iʻ al-Islām (The Jewel of the Words in the Explanation of Islamic Law), Beirut: Dār Iḥyā’ al-Turāth al-ʻArabī. [in Arabic]
Nāṣiḥī, ʻAbd al-Muqīm. 2016. “Bāztāb-i Taḍmīn wa Ruʻāyat-i Ḥarīm-i Khuṣūṣī-yi Shahrwandān dar Niẓām-i Sharʻ wa Qānūn (Reflecting the Guarantee and Observance of Citizens' Privacy in the Sharia and Law System)”. In: uqūq-i ʻUmūmī-yi ʻIdālat (Public Law of Justice), yr.1, no.1, pp.127-149. [in Farsi]
Raḥmdil, Manṣūr. 2005. “Ḥaq-i Insān bar Ḥarīm-i Khuṣūṣī (Human Rights to Privacy)”. In: Majallih-yi Dānishkadih-yi Ḥuqūq wa ʻUlūm-i Sīyāsī-yi Dānishgāh-i Tehran (Journal of the Faculty of Law and Political Science Affiliated to University of Tehran), no.7, pp.119-146. [in Farsi]
Shaʻīrī, Taj al-Dīn. 1984. Jāmiʻ al-Akhbār (The Collection of Narrations), Qom: Raḍī. [in Arabic]
Ṭabbasī, Najm al-Dīn. 2014. Mabānī-yi Fiqhī-yi Jāsūsī wa Ḍidd-i Jāsūsī (Jurisprudential Principles of Espionage and Anti-Espionage), Tehran: Barg-i Firdus. [in Farsi]
Ṭūsī, Muḥammad Ḥasan. 2009. Al-Amālī, Translated by Ṣādiq Ḥasan-zādih, Qom: Andīshih-yi Hādī. [in Farsi]
 
Volume 2, Issue 3 - Serial Number 3
September 2019
Pages 29-52

  • Receive Date 31 August 2020
  • Revise Date 16 September 2020
  • Accept Date 27 September 2020